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The short-circuit (SC) test determines the series equivalent impedance of a transformer (as referred to one side, usually the primary). In the test the transformer’s secondary terminals are shorted and a reduced voltage is applied to the primary so that rated (or required) current flows. Measured quantities are the applied voltage VSC, the input current

An electromagnetic relay is an electrically operated switch that uses an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switching mechanism. When an electric current flows through the coil of the relay, it generates a magnetic field that attracts a movable armature, thereby opening or closing a set of contacts. This allows one electrical circuit to control another

Plate earthing is a method of grounding electrical systems by burying a metallic plate deep into the ground to provide a low-resistance path for fault currents. This ensures the safety of electrical equipment and personnel by preventing electric shocks and minimizing voltage fluctuations.

Lead sheathed wiring is a type of electrical wiring system that uses conductors insulated with rubber and enclosed in a lead-aluminum alloy sheath. This system provides excellent mechanical protection and resistance to environmental factors such as moisture and corrosive gases. It was commonly used in industrial and residential applications in the past but has now

Casing capping wiring is one of the traditional electrical wiring methods used in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. This method involves running electrical wires inside a casing (usually made of PVC or wood) and covering them with a capping for protection. It is known for its safety, durability, and ease of installation.

A solar street light is a renewable energy-based outdoor lighting system that operates using solar power. It consists of photovoltaic panels (solar panels) that absorb sunlight, convert it into electrical energy, and store it in batteries to power LED or CFL lamps during nighttime. These lights are widely used in streets, highways, parking lots, and

A Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a type of vehicle that combines an internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric motor to provide propulsion. HEVs use energy stored in batteries or other storage devices, as well as energy generated by the engine. The combination of both systems allows for improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and